<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<rss version="2.0">
<channel>
  <title>Sparta Forum</title>
  <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/index.php</link>
  <description>Discover ancient Sparta and Lakonia</description>
  <language>english</language>
  <copyright>(c) Copyright 2012 by Sparta Forum</copyright>
  <managingEditor>info@markoulakispublications.org.uk</managingEditor>
  <webMaster>info@markoulakispublications.org.uk</webMaster>
  <pubDate>Sun Feb 05, 2012 2:45 am</pubDate>
  <lastBuildDate>Sun Feb 05, 2012 2:45 am</lastBuildDate>
  <docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss</docs>
  <generator>phpBB2 RSS Syndication Mod by Lucas</generator>
  <ttl>1</ttl>

  <image>
    <title>Sparta Forum</title>
    <url></url>
    <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/</link>
    <description>Discover ancient Sparta and Lakonia</description>
  </image>

                                      <item>
                                        <title>Doric Krete and Sparta, home of Greek philosophy</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=180#180</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=5'&gt;WHEELER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Thu Dec 15, 2011 9:56 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      It seems to me that no one knows what I'm talking about--I must be out in Left field.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let's just start with Lorenzo Valla. He is the person that outed the document &amp;quot;The Donation of Constantine&amp;quot; as a forgery. It was a great disgrace and Valla's writing stunned Europe, disgraced the Church and started a revolution. Martin Luther read it. It encouraged him. Lorenzo Valla set off a nuclear device off with his discovery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But how many people did it kill, i.e. the forgery? Did not the Papacy already own the land and control it? The forgery was used to protect the land from encroachment from other kings and nobles. It safeguarded the land. That was its purpose; a lie---but a benign lie.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lorenzo Valla's exposure of this lie was explosive. It went all over Europe, made him famous. He was sort of a Latin scholar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Buried in the Document is this actual phrase, &amp;quot;A republic is any government without a king&amp;quot;. Why that is there makes no logical sense but it is there! Here is a Latin Scholar. Cicero does not make that point; he starts the republic under a king. But let's cut Lorenzo Valla some slack, Cicero's &amp;quot;De republica&amp;quot; he did NOT have. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How many people were killed because of that? English Civil Wars, the American and French Revolutions. How many people are being killed over that today? The Iraq War. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See, the Donation of Constantine killed no one---it probably saved lifes for it prevented war. How many people did Lorenzo kill with his redefinition. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paul A. Rahe, in his book, &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Against Throne and Altar&lt;/span&gt;, (pg 28 ) says that all three Cicero, Sallust and Livy all started the res publica under the kings. Valla had Sallust and most certainly Livy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So who is lying?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In one sentence, Paul A. Rahe demolished this definition---yet where is the fanfare? I posted on Cicero back in the early 2000s. It was on the internet. This book was published in 2008. (I beat him to the punch.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is Rahe's definition of a republic follows Cicero: It is, Cicero implies, only when men become aware of &amp;quot;the common utility (utilitas communis)&amp;quot; that the res publica is born&amp;quot;. (Throne and Altar, 29) Rahe's definition, that republicanism is a sort of social compact around shared values(Republics, Ancient and Modern), still legitimizes America. Paul A. Rahe remarks in his book Republics, that a republic has no form. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wrong. Plato in the Republic writes this: &amp;quot;the whole State, being thus constituted according to nature, will be wise&amp;quot;. Where is this? Where is this &amp;quot;according to nature&amp;quot; anywhere in Rahe's work? Does he know the Laws of Nature? What truly is a republic? Does anybody know? Or are we all repeating the lie of Lorenzo Valla and Machiavelli?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let it all be known: Lorenzo Valla has now received his comeuppance. The disgrace of the Donation of Constantine has been avenged. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Lie they perpetrated, Valla and Machiavelli, created the Le Mirage Moderne. The joke is on them; they have blood on their hands. They are disgraced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But here is the real kicker. I'm mad. I'm an idiot. I don't know what I'm talking about. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his pamphlet Agrarian Justice, Thomas Paine, who was in France, a contemporary of Babeuf, would succinctly understand what the momentous events was ushering in when he stated:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt; 	  &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;genmed&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quote:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;	&lt;tr&gt;	  &lt;td class=&quot;quote&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A revolution in the state of civilisation is the necessary companion of revolutions in the system of government.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
and &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;It is a revolution in the state of civilisation that will give perfection to the Revolution of France.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;postbody&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Modern psuedo-republicanism was the vehicle in which the cultural revolution was advanced. It destroyed feudalism and Christendom. European culture and civilization was radically uprooted and transfigured. Thomas Paine was there. He witnessed it. He saw it. He recognized it for what it was! Do not take my word for it---take his! This &amp;quot;Modern pseudo-republicanism&amp;quot;? It is from Lorenzo Valla and Machiavelli!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Obviously, &amp;quot;we don't live in Kansas anymore&amp;quot;. We are not living in European culture or in Western Civilization. I don't know what you all are thinking--but this is not our fathers culture or civilization! We live in a completely foreign and dirty and contemptous h*ll-hole.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And how is anybody going to know anything with this continuing dynamic silence? How many people really know what the real definition of a republic is? How many? I'm the only person. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How can we know the &amp;quot;To Kalon&amp;quot; if we know nothing of the Natural Law? The &amp;quot;To Kalon&amp;quot; is formed around the laws of nature. The &amp;quot;To Kalon&amp;quot; is found in the Golden Mean. How can those people over at Princeton discus &amp;quot;To Kalon&amp;quot; and they know nothing of the Golden Mean and its importance? How can that guy be an &amp;quot;expert on Plato&amp;quot; when Sparta as the home of Greek philosophy is not a H*T Topic? How does he understand Plato's &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Republic&lt;/span&gt;? How can he be an expert--when he is totally clueless about the influence of Doric philosophy upon Plato?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What a catastrophe this is. Europeans don't even know their own culture, heritage or civilization. They've been hood-winked to adopt something totally alien. And then Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer have the gall to trace the &amp;quot;holocaust&amp;quot; to Classical Greece! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How are we being betrayed by University presidents and the academics they hire? How is our own civilization destroyed? How long are we going to let people be decieved? How many teenagers are walking around saying &amp;quot;A republic is any government without a king&amp;quot;?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think I have proven sufficiently what I am talking about. I know where I'm going, where I came from, and I understand what has happened. I've got the picture. I am not deceived by Le Mirage Moderne. The True Forgery?  It is the life that we live now; it is what is in our textbooks, our reference books, our dictionaries, and what is being taught in the classroom. How many and why and how do Europeans hate their heritage? Lorenzo Valla uncovered a forgery and then created one gigantic Mirage himself. What a hypocrite.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=180#180</comments>
                                        <author>WHEELER</author>
                                        <pubDate>Thu Dec 15, 2011 9:56 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=180#180</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Give your Feedback for our Website</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=174#174</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Mon Apr 25, 2011 1:07 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Dear readers please give your feedback for our website and the information that includes at the following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/index.php?id=123&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;. The Feedback form is hosted at Google Docs - it is fast and secure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I am looking forward to read your responces.[/url]</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=174#174</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Mon Apr 25, 2011 1:07 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=174#174</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>&amp;amp;#931;PARTA Season's Festive Wishes 2011</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=173#173</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sat Dec 25, 2010 12:04 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Dear readers, subscribers and good friends,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the 2011 we hope to continue to provide you with the best possible educational material on ancient Sparta and ancient Greek History. We believe that in 2011 the two first Supplements would be published - namely the Spartan Warfare and Spartan Religion and Cults - . They will be a gift to our subscribers, readers and friends who support our publications.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#931;PARTA's Editorial gives you the warmest wishes for a Marry Christmas and a Happy 2011!!</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=173#173</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sat Dec 25, 2010 12:04 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=173#173</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Sparta Journal at Tiwtter</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=158#158</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Thu Feb 18, 2010 12:44 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Now Sparta has its Twitter account. You can get informed of news and links on ancient Spartan and Greek history by subscribing in the new Sparta's Twitter Feed (RSS) or visit it quite often.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Visit it us at Twitter &lt;a href=&quot;http://twitter.com/SpartaJournal&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=158#158</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Thu Feb 18, 2010 12:44 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=158#158</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Sparta: Comparative Approaches</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=157#157</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Thu Feb 18, 2010 12:40 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;Sparta: Comparative Approaches&lt;/span&gt; edited by Stephen Hodkinson is the newly published volume for ancient Sparta by the Classical Press of Wales. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can find the title &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/68829&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=157#157</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Thu Feb 18, 2010 12:40 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=157#157</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Current Issue: Forum Registration</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=156#156</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sat Feb 13, 2010 3:58 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      There is a current issue which is been recorded by our Customer Support and is regards the registration page of our Forum.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please find the temporary solution of the problem &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=156#156</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sat Feb 13, 2010 3:58 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=156#156</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>I cannot Register to the Forum. How can I solve it?</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=155#155</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sat Feb 13, 2010 3:53 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Dear readers,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We received a number of messages lately for our readers which regard the problem/fault that exists in the Forum's registration page: regardless that the user fills the required fields which are noted with an asterisk ( * ) still he had the error message &amp;quot;You must fill in the required fields.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The registration is working properly, however, it requires additional fields to be filled that fails to denote in both the error message and with an asterisk. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To register you should fill in the fields with the asterisk and the following three: Location, Occupation and Interests. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After filing the above three additional fields you will be able to register with no further faults.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you all for informing us for the issue, and we are working towards fixing it once and for all.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=155#155</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sat Feb 13, 2010 3:53 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=155#155</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Redesigning  our web-site</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=154#154</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Nov 22, 2009 2:48 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Dear readers and subscribers, you should be able to view the new design and structure of our periodical’s web-site.  The original design of the template is by Arcsin, and we are glad that we find it. It is clean and at the same time provides with the space to offer the appropriate number of links to our contents. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We still however need to re-code the web-site’s structure; as a result the login facility of our e-subscribers is not currently available. However, we will soon finalize the re-coding and the electronic content will be once again available for our e-subscribers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You may also come across with a number of inconsistencies, i.e. broken links, misplaced images and text. These unfortunately are still sometimes visible and we are working to fix them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I hope that in the next couple of weeks the web-site is going to be fully functional, so that you all going to enjoy its offered services and information as well as its forthcoming goodies.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=154#154</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Nov 22, 2009 2:48 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=154#154</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Aspects of Spartan Constitution</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=152#152</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=5'&gt;WHEELER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Nov 15, 2009 12:33 am&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      This post was be replicated in two other threads because it is very important and many people, I'm guessing, will not figure this out.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In my paper, &amp;quot;Doric Crete and Sparta, the home of Greek Philosophy&amp;quot;, I wrote that &amp;quot;the establishment of the Senate is the signature characteristic of a republic&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Why did I say this?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(from my paper &amp;quot;The Classical definition of a republic&amp;quot; at Wikinfo.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt; 	  &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;genmed&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quote:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;	&lt;tr&gt;	  &lt;td class=&quot;quote&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Cicero marks the beginning of the Roman commonwealth when Romulus &amp;quot;gave complete obedience to the auspices&amp;quot; and the foundation of the Senate&amp;quot;.&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;postbody&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The modern definition of a republic is &amp;quot;any government without a king&amp;quot;. This comes from Machiavelli who divined that from Livy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Why everybody quotes Livy is beyond me. Cicero wrote a book &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;De republica &lt;/span&gt;and why no one quotes him---I'm stumped.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to do political science for the Romans, one had to participate in Roman politics and hold offices. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Livy didn't do any of this. Cicero did.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero knew and read Greek---Livy probably did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero visited Athens and went to school there---Livy did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero was a Roman lawyer---Livy was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero wrote a book on republics---Livy did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----yet, everybody uses Livy as an authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I took my conclusion that the beginning of republican form of government is the establishment of the senate from Cicero who wrote a book on the Republican form of government. This is the basis of what I said. Cicero clearly marks the beginning of the Roman Republic under a king with the establishment of the senate. This marks the beginning of mixed government. As Cicero has marked, I followed in his wake. He is an authority; an ancient authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For more info on this and sources and references please see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Machiavelli%27s_Errors&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;Machiavelli's Errors&lt;/a&gt;. I can't figure out for the life of me why so many turn their back on Cicero and adopt Livy for!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
Along with Cicero, the establishment of an official parliment and especially the upper house, the House of Lords, as in the case of England, marks it as a Republic, a Classical Republic.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=152#152</comments>
                                        <author>WHEELER</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Nov 15, 2009 12:33 am</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=152#152</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>The Spartan Republic</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=150#150</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=5'&gt;WHEELER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Nov 15, 2009 12:26 am&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      This post is going to be replicated in two other threads because it is very important and many people, I'm guessing, will not figure this out.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In my paper, &amp;quot;Doric Crete and Sparta, the home of Greek Philosophy&amp;quot;, I wrote that &amp;quot;the establishment of the Senate is the signature characteristic of a republic&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Why did I say this?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(from my paper &amp;quot;The Classical definition of a republic&amp;quot; at Wikinfo.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt; 	  &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;genmed&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quote:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;	&lt;tr&gt;	  &lt;td class=&quot;quote&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Cicero marks the beginning of the Roman commonwealth when Romulus &amp;quot;gave complete obedience to the auspices&amp;quot; and the foundation of the Senate&amp;quot;.&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;postbody&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The modern definition of a republic is &amp;quot;any government without a king&amp;quot;. This comes from Machiavelli who divined that from Livy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Why everybody quotes Livy is beyond me. Cicero wrote a book &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;De republica &lt;/span&gt;and why no one quotes him---I'm stumped.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to do political science for the Romans, one had to participate in Roman politics and hold offices. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Livy didn't do any of this. Cicero did.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero knew and read Greek---Livy probably did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero visited Athens and went to school there---Livy did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero was a Roman lawyer---Livy was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cicero wrote a book on republics---Livy did not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----yet, everybody uses Livy as an authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I took my conclusion that the beginning of republican form of government is the establishment of the senate from Cicero who wrote a book on the Republican form of government. This is the basis of what I said. Cicero clearly marks the beginning of the Roman Republic under a king with the establishment of the senate. This marks the beginning of mixed government. As Cicero has marked, I followed in his wake. He is an authority; an ancient authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For more info on this and sources and references please see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/Machiavelli%27s_Errors&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;Machiavelli's Errors&lt;/a&gt;. I can't figure out for the life of me why so many turn their back on Cicero and adopt Livy for!</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=150#150</comments>
                                        <author>WHEELER</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Nov 15, 2009 12:26 am</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=150#150</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>In Search of Sparta</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=149#149</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:59 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Author and an expert of the ancient Spartan world Helena P. Schrader publishes her first article in Sparta forthcoming issue entitled 'In Search of Sparta': &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt; 	  &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;genmed&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quote:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;	&lt;tr&gt;	  &lt;td class=&quot;quote&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
If you drive down the modern road from Tripoli (or Tegea as I prefer to think of it) toward Sparti (Sparta) there is a moment when coming around a bend you can catch the first glimpse of Taygetos. I will never forget the first time I encountered that view: it took my breath away. I could hardly concentrate on the winding road for straining to get another glimpse of those spectacular mountains. And when the valley of the Eurotas was spread out before me it was like revelation. My image of Sparta — Ancient Sparta and all that Sparta implied — was transformed in a single instant.&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;postbody&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow the forthcoming articles &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/index.php?s=forthcoming&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=149#149</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:59 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=149#149</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Musings on Sparta's Muses</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=148#148</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:56 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Our new member of the Editorial Board, Mr Owen Rees presents with a very interesting paper entitled 'Musings on Sparta's Muses'. The Abstract follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;90%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt; 	  &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;genmed&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quote:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;	&lt;tr&gt;	  &lt;td class=&quot;quote&quot;&gt;The Muses were, to the Graeco-Roman world, the source of artistic expression; inspiring songs and dances to go beyond the human realm and enter that of the gods. Even today, the word ‘muse’ is used to describe an artist’s inspiration and creative source. So, in an existence of emotional expression, sensitive creation and personal exploration, what place did the Muses have in the warrior culture of Sparta? What did their kings hope to achieve by, say, sacrificing to them before battle (Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus, 21)? Many ancient authors have given very short opinions on this topic, many modern scholars have considered it of little importance; however, with the growth of our understanding about the nature of combat, and with the use of comparative examples discussing the universal issues of battle, I believe a new understanding can begin to emerge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ultimately this is a question of whether there was room for creativity, in a culture that famously tried to curb individuality? but if so how?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Muses may well be the key.&lt;/td&gt;	&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;postbody&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Follow our forthcoming articles &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/index.php?s=forthcoming&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=148#148</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:56 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=148#148</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>Current Issue: Forum's Contact Form</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=147#147</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:50 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Currently still continues to have a problem with the Forum's contact form. The Captcha seems that is not working regardless of our efforts to solve it. We are sorry for any inconvenience that nay cause. Please use the magazine's contact form &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/?s=contact&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;postlink&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=147#147</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Sun Oct 11, 2009 2:50 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=147#147</guid>
                                      </item>
                                      <item>
                                        <title>SPARTA's Compentition for 2010</title>
                                        <link>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=139#139</link>
                                        <description>&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Author:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href='http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=2'&gt;Nikolaos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;b&gt;Posted:&lt;/b&gt; Thu Jul 09, 2009 12:45 pm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      One of our winning readers received the copy of the &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;The Rise and Fall of the Spartans&lt;/span&gt;, which features four episodes investigating a number of aspects of Sparta's culture, lifestyle, history and the Battle of Thermopylae. That was one of the gifts we gave to our wining readers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soon the 2010 will bring to life the Volume 6 no. 1 (July 2010) in which five questions will challenge our readers once again. The gifts are not yet decided, though, once again we will try to give the best quality of educational material to our wining readers.</description>
                                        <comments>http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=139#139</comments>
                                        <author>Nikolaos</author>
                                        <pubDate>Thu Jul 09, 2009 12:45 pm</pubDate>
                                        <guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.sparta.markoulakispublications.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=139#139</guid>
                                      </item></channel></rss>
